A detailed evaluation method to identify sources of quantitative resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi race 2 within a Pisum spp. germplasm collection

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) is an important pathogen of field pea (Pisum sativum) worldwide. The constant evolution of the pathogen drives the necessity to broaden the genetic basis of resistance to Fop. To achieve this, it is important to have a large germplasm collection available and an accurate and efficient method for disease assessment. Here, a detailed evaluation method coupling disease incidence, disease rating over time and its related area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) was established and used to screen a Pisum spp. germplasm collection against one isolate of Fop race 2. A large variation in the disease response of specific pea accessions ranging from highly resistant to susceptible was observed within the collection, indicating the quantitative expression of the resistance. The repetition of the inoculation experiments on a subset of 19 accessions, including two susceptible accessions, indicated that the scoring method was robust and reproducible and confirmed the highly resistant phenotypes of 11 accessions. To initiate the characterization of resistance mechanisms within these accessions, the external and internal stem symptoms were compared between these selected pea accessions, together with the extent of fungal colonization within plants. All these tests indicated that, in all resistant accessions, the resistance mechanisms efficiently stopped pathogen progression at the crown. Incorporation of these sources of resistance to breeding programmes will contribute to improved Fop resistance in pea cultivars.     

漆酶催化生物体内有机物合成与分解代谢的双功能机制及其在生物技术领域中的应用

本文简要概述了漆酶分子的化学结构、底物谱和催化功能,重点分析了酚类化合物对漆酶介导生物体内有机物合成与分解代谢的影响及其双功能作用机制,总结并展望了漆酶的双功能属性在生物技术领域中的最新应用前景,旨在为拓展和开发漆酶的多功能应用提供新颖的见解和思路。     

微生物修复污染土壤的应用研究进展

近年来,土壤受污染程度日益严重,在众多土壤污染修复中,微生物修复是最具发展和应用前景的生物修复技术,具有经济和生态双重优势。为微生物在污染土壤修复中的应用及进一步深入研究提供参考,以土壤中多环芳烃、多氯联苯、农药以及重金属为对象,综合评述了不同土壤污染类型的微生物修复研究进展,重点介绍了降解微生物的种类、修复机理和技术方法,指出当前污染土壤微生物修复存在的问题,并对微生物修复污染土壤进行了展望。     

粘虫抗甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐种群的交互抗性与生化抗性机制

为指导甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（下称甲维盐）在粘虫Mythimna separate Walker防治上的合理使用,测定了粘虫抗甲维盐种群对5种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性及其生化抗性机制。结果表明:粘虫抗甲维盐种群对阿维菌素（抗性倍数RR₅₀=21.80）、毒死蜱（RR₅₀=17.68）和灭多威（RR₅₀=10.85）均具有中等水平的交互抗性,与辛硫磷（RR₅₀=6.00）和氟氯氰菊酯（RR₅₀=5.65）之间交互抗性水平较低。酶抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、马来酸二乙酯（DEM）、三丁基三硫磷酸酯（DEF）和磷酸三苯酯（TPP）在粘虫敏感种群和抗性种群生物测定中对甲维盐毒力均有显著的增效作用。粘虫抗甲维盐种群细胞色素P450和b₅含量及O-脱甲基酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性均显著高于敏感种群,分别为敏感种群的3.23、3.65、3.63、1.64和2.66倍。研究表明,体内解毒代谢酶活性提高可能是粘虫对甲维盐产生抗性的重要原因。     

四环素在典型土壤中的吸附行为·吸附动力学·热力学特征

[目的]研究四环素在典型土壤中的吸附行为及吸附动力学和热力学特征。[方法]采用平衡振荡法,研究了不同试验条件下3种典型土壤对四环素的吸附效能。[结果]黑土对四环素的吸附能力最高,其对应的饱和吸附量超过85.0 mg/g,黄土次之,而高岭土的吸附效能最低,仅11.6 mg/g。酸性pH条件和较高的土壤有机质含量有利于3种土壤对四环素的吸附,当土壤中有机质去除后整体吸附能力将下降15%。3种土壤对四环素的吸附是一个吸热过程。黑土对四环素吸附过程符合准一级反应动力学方程,而黄土和高岭土对四环素的吸附更符合准二级吸附动力学方程。黄土和高岭土对四环素的吸附满足Langmuir吸附等温式,即认为上述吸附主要归因于单分子层吸附;相对应的常用来表征竞争吸附的Freundlich方程更符合黑土对四环素的吸附。[结论]该研究可为揭示四环素在土壤中的吸附富集机理提供科学依据。     

常绿植物冬季叶片变红影响因子及适应性机制研究

常绿植物冬季叶片变红是一个普遍发生的现象,该现象的研究对揭示常绿植物冬季叶片生理生态调控机制具有重要理论价值,对人居环境冬季景观的营建也具有现实指导意义。文中基于国内外常绿植物冬季叶片变红相关研究文献,对常绿植物冬季叶片变红的影响因子及叶片变红的适应性机制进行综述,并在此基础上对常绿植物冬季叶片变红有待解决的问题进行了总结和展望。     

New Drugs from Marine Organisms in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Current approved drugs may only ameliorate symptoms in a restricted number of patients and for a restricted period of time. Currently, there is a translational research challenge into identifying the new effective drugs and their respective new therapeutic targets in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, selected examples of marine-derived compounds in neurodegeneration, specifically in AD field are reported. The emphasis has been done on compounds and their possible relevant biological activities. The proposed drug development paradigm and current hypotheses should be accurately investigated in the future of AD therapy directions although taking into account successful examples of such approach represented by Cytarabine, Trabectedin, Eribulin and Ziconotide. We review a complexity of the translational research for such a development of new therapies for AD. Bryostatin is a prominent candidate for the therapy of AD and other types of dementia in humans.     

中国亚热带森林小流域植物生长驱动下矿物风化评估

Plant growth contributes to mineral weathering, but this contribution remains poorly understood. Weathering rates in an aggrading forested watershed in subtropical China were studied by means of geochemical mass balance. Rainfall, dry deposition, and streamwater were monitored from March 2007 to February 2012. Samples of vegetative components, rainfall, dry deposition, streamwater, representative soils, and parent rock were collected and determined for mass balance calculation and clarifying plant-driven weathering mechanisms stoichiometrically. Ignoring biomass, weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and Si were 25.6, 10.7, 2.8, and 51.0 kg ha^-1 year^-1, respectively. Taking biomass into consideration, weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Si and the sum of weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Si were 2.6, 1.8, 1.2, and 1.5-fold higher than those ignoring biomass, respectively. This is attributed to plant-driven weathering due to the nutrient (e.g., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺) absorption by vegetation and substantial proton production during assimilation of these nutrients, with the former acting as a pump for removing weathering products and the latter being a source of weathering agents solubilizing mineral components. The same pattern of weathering, i.e., higher rates of weathering with than without including biomass in mass balance calculation, was reported in previous studies; however, the extent to which plants drive weathering rates varied with vegetation types and climatic zones. The documented biological weathering driven by plants is expected to play a critical role in regulating nutrient cycling and material flows within the Earth’s Critical Zone.     

分子标记在入侵植物研究中的应用

入侵植物给入侵地的生态系统造成了多重影响,而入侵生态学研究对探析入侵植物成功入侵的机制及其可持续控制具有重要的理论和实际意义。分子标记作为一种基于DNA水平的遗传分析技术,为解决入侵生态学研究的许多基本问题提供了很好的手段与平台。基于此,简要综述了分子标记技术在入侵植物遗传多样性分析、入侵机制及入侵模式探究等方面的应用研究进展。     

碱蓬属植物耐盐机理研究进展

碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物是一类典型的真盐生植物,属于重要的盐生植物资源,全球广泛分布.人们已经对20种碱蓬属植物进行了观察和盐胁迫实验,研究了不同器官或组织的生理生化特征及其对盐胁迫的反应,并基于这些研究分析了盐胁迫的应答机制.叶片肉质化、细胞内离子区域化、渗透调节物质增加和抗氧化系统能力增强是碱蓬属植物响应和适应盐胁迫的重要方式和途径.但迄今为止的研究工作尚有一定的局限性,主要包括:研究工作主要集中在植物地上部分,而对植物地下部分的研究较少;多是少数生物学指标或生理学现象的单独观察,而缺乏对生理代谢过程的整体和综合分析;针对某种碱蓬的独立分析较多,而与近缘种的比较研究较少;植物对中性盐胁迫的反应研究较多,而对碱性盐的研究较少.为进一步系统阐明碱蓬属植物的耐盐机制,今后的工作应注重碱蓬属植物响应和适应盐胁迫的信号网络和调控机制研究,基于系统生物学研究思路,采用现代组学技术探索该属植物响应盐胁迫的由复杂信号网络调控的特殊生理特征和特异代谢途径.